Mushroom-extraction Lecture & Workshop (Mushroom Immersion Weekend)

• Biologie
• HBO
• WO
• Studiejaar 4

MEDICINAL MUSHROOM EXTRACTION

LECTURE & WORKSHOP

Dennenvoetzwam/Dyer's Polypore

Phaeolus schweinitzii)

Is ook extractie 

Antibiotics: Penicillium chrysogenum

Cyclosporine (Immunosuppressant): Tolypocladium inflatum

Cholesterol synthesis inhibitor

Antifungal agents

Fingolimod: Isaria sinclairii

The Fungal Kingdom

ORGANISM 

CLASSIFICATION

FUNGI

Dikarya

Schimmels behoren tot de micro-organismen samen met bacteriën, virussen, protozoën (eencellige).

Wijze van voortplanting en moleculaire gegevens.

Multicellular fungi 

Mushrooms

Unicellular fungi

Yeast, 

Communicatie

ECOLOGICAL ROLE OF FUNGI

Decomposers: Recycling organic matter through nutrient recovery.

- Enzymes break down complex organic substances into simpler molecules.

- Nutrient uptake in hyphae.

- Mineralization: Fungi convert organic matter into inorganic nutrients, such as nitrogen (NH₄⁺) and phosphates (PO₄³⁻). These substances become available to plants and other organisms in the soil.

Symbiosis: Mycorrhiza + plant roots

DAMAGE

- Food spoilage

- Mycotoxins

- Allergic reactions

- Fungal infections

- Damage to buildings

- Invasive exotic species

UNIQUE IN NUTRITION

- Protein compositions

- Vitamins: Vitamin D and B vitamins

- Unique antioxidants: Ergothioneine & Glutathione = cell protection

- Fiber: Beta-glucans - soluble fiber

- Minerals: Higher concentrations of selenium and copper

Medicinal mushrooms?

Heavy metals?

 COMPOUNDS 

Populaire toepassingen:

Immuun ondersteuning

Antioxidanten (celbescherming) en ontstekingsremmers

Stressreductie & cognitieve ondersteuning

SOLUBILITY & EXTRACTION

Food preparation (fatty acids and oils, heating, etc.)

Saliva & Enzymes

Stomach acid

Can your body absorb all substances?

POLYSACCHARIDES

Chitin

A-glucans & B-glucans

- Various types of polysaccharides and other substances

- Unique combination

For example:

Reishi: Beta-glucans + triterpenes

Shiitake: Lentinan, a type of beta-glucan

Maitake: D-fraction/MT-1, a polysaccharide that enhances the effect of beta-glucans.

ABSORPTION

- Absorbed in the intestines

- Bind to receptors on the surface of immune cells (such as macrophages and dendritic cells)

- This activates a response that stimulates immune cells

- Anti-inflammatory reactions

- Regulate blood sugar levels

- Prebiotics, which promote the growth of healthy gut bacteria

- Alpha-glucans and beta-glucans are both polysaccharides

Beta-glucans influence the innate and adaptive immune systems, primarily through the activation of receptors such as CLEC7A (Dectin1) on cells like macrophages, dendritic cells, and monocytes. These, in turn, trigger cytokine release, natural killer (NK) cell activation, and modulation of T and B lymphocytes.

The beta-glucan particles are absorbed by specific cells in the intestinal mucosa: the microfold cells (M cells) of Peyer's patches. These cells then convert the particles to the appropriate immune cells. The intestines are therefore very important.

TERPENES

Terpenes in essential oils are responsible for aroma and flavor.

Antioxidant properties: neutralize free radicals and protect cells.

Anti-inflammatory properties.

Antimicrobial properties.

Psychoactive effects.

STEROLS

Sterols: a group of lipids (fatty substances) similar to cholesterol

Contributes to the stability and fluidity of membranes --> essential for cell function

Ergosterol

PHENOLS

- Phenolic compounds: protect against oxidative stress and microbes.

- Antioxidant: They neutralize free radicals.

- Antimicrobial: They inhibit the growth of bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

- Anti-inflammatory.

- May inhibit the growth of cancer cells.

- Neuroprotective: They protect the brain against degenerative diseases.

MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS

Polysaccharides

Triterpenes

Phenolic compounds

Solubility? Comes later

DISCLAIMER

Many new studies

Variability in extracts

Need for standardized clinical trials

REISHI (Gesteelde lakzwam)

Ganoderma lucidum

- β-1,3-glucans: Scavenger cells destroy invaders or pathogens or activate other immune cells such as B and T cells and dendritic cells. Beta-(1,3)-(1,6)-D-glucans stimulate and train the immune system, enabling it to respond quickly in the event of an invader.

- Triterpene 'Anoderan'

- Peptidoglycan (murein)

TURKEY TAIL (Gewoon elfenbankje)

Trametes versicolor

- Polysaccharide-K (PSK) and Polysaccharide-Peptide (PSP)

- Triterpenes: Ergosta-7,22-dien-3β-ol

- Fungisterol

- β-sitosterol

SOLUBILITY

This is where the magic happens!

Solvents: water, ethanol, glycerin, methanol, hexanol, etc.

Influencing factors: Temperature, duration, purity of raw materials, ratio, storage, extraction methods

EXTRACTION METHODS

Maceration

Percolation

Decoction

CO2 extraction

Fermentation

Ultrasonic extraction

Enzymatic extraction

Soxhlet extraction

Chromatographic extraction

Freeze-and-thaw

WORKSHOP

STEP-BY-STEP

1. Pairs or singles?

2. Choose which mushroom you want to extract

3. Research

4. Which compounds do you want to extract?

5. Solubility

6. Best extraction method

RESEARCH

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ 

https://scholar.google.com/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/

Side effects, contraindications, interactions, dosage

Reishi: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1387265607130106

Turkey tail: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0254629924004150 

DUAL EXTRACTION

Hot Water Extraction: How to Do It at Home?

Ethanol (What Percentage)

Shelf Life? Mix up to 20% ethanol

Dilute ethanol in water

Storage (Brown Glass or Violet Glass)

STEP 1

Hot water extraction

- Slow cooker/soup maker/multicooker/rice cooker

- Steady temperature 80-90 degrees Celsius

- Closed lid

- Filtration

- Ratio --> 1:5 dried, 1:8 or 1:10 fresh

STAP 2 

Ethanol extraction (70 to 95%)

- Macerate

- Percolation

- Ultrasonic

- 1:5 dry, 1:10 fresh

ULTRASONIC ASSISTED EXTRACTION (UAE)

- 35 degrees celcius

- 2 cycles of 15 to 20 minutes

- Filtration

FILTRATION & BLENDING

- Cheesecloth + coffee filter

- Ethanol extract --> water extract

- Blend

- Store

www.distilling-spirits.com

TIPS

- Research specific substances

- Research your mushrooms thoroughly

- Choose high-quality raw materials and avoid wild mushrooms

- Use glassware and stainless steel

- Consult a doctor if you have any medical conditions

Questions?