V4 - auxiliaires Unit 4.2

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 4

Tenses & auxiliaires Unit 4.1 & 4.2 - grammar

Tenses:

present simple/continuous (I work = habit/regular thing ;  I am working = currently/definite appointment future)

past simple/continuous (I worked = finished action; I was working = emphasis on duration/action already going on)

present perfect simple/continuous (I have worked = recent action/focus on result/action which started in the past & is still 

ongoing; I have been working = emphasis on duration

past perfect simple/continuous (had worked = earlier action in the past; had been working = emphasis on duration)

future: 1) will + hele ww .(future fact/personal prediction - think/believe/feel etc./spontaneous decision/weather forecast); 2) going to (intention/plan); 3) present simple (schedule); 4) present continuous (definite appointment/in agenda)

Grammar; 

Words - Denotation/Connotation

Grammar - tenses & auxiliaries on the next slides

Words:

Denotation = meaning, definition

Connotation = emotional/cultural association

 For example:

Denotation                                                     Negative Connotation         Neutral Connotation                   Positive Connotation 

A smell                                                              Stench                                         Scent                                                Aroma, perfume

A person who’s happy with their 

achievements                                               Smug                                           Pleased                                             Proud

Frisian words with a cultural connotation: smuk, mienskip, niffelje

Dutch words with a cultural connotation: Sinterklaas, carbid schieten, oliebollen

Auxiliaries - 4.2

• Can/Could/Be able to (Can/Could you lend me a hand? Will you be able to lend me a hand? Have you ever been able to lend her a hand?

• Will/Would (Will you help me? Would you mind helping me? Shall I/we get that for you?)

• Must (You must call; they must be home by now; Rules must be obeyed)

• May/Might (May/Might I have the butter? 

• Have (Do you have to go there?; Has he done his homework?)

• Need (Do you need to hand it in?)

• Should (Should you call her?)

Tenses (examples) & Signal words:

Present Perfect (I have gone/ she has walked):

• Unfinished action / no when 
• Focus on result/recent action (no when)
• To ask after experience (Have you ever...?)
• signal word: so far, since, for, how long, ever, never, always,

up till now, yet, etc.

Present Perfect Continuous (I have been working/ She has been doing this all morning)

•  Unfinished action that stresses a long time/long duration (= ing form)
• signal words: all the time, all day, the whole morning etc.

Past Perfect (I had gone/she had gone before you came over): 

• To indicate an earlier action in the past/in relation to another action in the past (the past perfect= earlier action in the past)
• signal words: before, after, prior to

Note:often used with indirect speech in the past 

(He noticed that I had already finised my work)

Past Perfect Continuous (I had been working/ She had been doing this all morning before you came over)

• Action that happened earlier in the past and that stresses a long time/long duration (= ing form)
• signal words: all the time, all day, the whole morning etc.

Tenses (examples) & Signal words:

Future tenses:

Signal words: any reference to the future: i.e. tomorrow, next week, this Friday, coming Sunday etc.

Will:

• spontaneous decisions or offer at the moment of speaking (will + verb / shall in question with I/we -> "Shall I get that for you?")
• predictions based on on personal opinion (will + verb) -> often with verbs such as believe/think/feel
• future facts (i.e. elections/weather -> will + verb)

Present simple:

• timetables (stores/public transport/schools/churches etc.) 
  
• After certain words, when the sentence has a future meaning. These words are: before / after / as soon as / until / when / by the time: I'll call you as soon as I get home. By the time you get home, I'll be sleeping.

Going to

• intentions/plans: going to + verb
• predictions based on evidence (The clouds are dark, it's going to rain)

Present Continuous

Appointment (within a short period of time/within a week from now)

Future Perfect ( will have + past participle/3rd form)

To indicate that something will have taken place by the time you reach a point in the future

i.e.: In a decade, plastics will have polluted all of the five oceans.

Future Continuous (will be + verb + ing)

To indicated what someone will be doing at some point in the future - emphasizes duration (i.e. will be sleeping/playing etc.)

Questions

Present Simple:

Does (he/she/it) + verb -> Does she like eating out?

Do (I/you/we/they) + verb -> Do they like the Pasta Factory?

Past Simple:

Did (all pronouns: I/she/we etc.) -> Did you meet up last night?

Do/Does/Did + VERB/HELE WERKWOORD!

Present Continuous:

Am/is/are + verb + ing -> Are you listening to CHOM FM Montreal?

Present Perfect/Past Perfect:

Has/Have + past participle/3rd form -> Has he ever been to the USA? 

Had + past participle/3rd form -> he finished his homework before he went to school?

Negative sentences

Present Simple:

Doesn't (he/she/it) + verb -> She doesn't like eating out

Don't (I/you/we/they) + verb -> They don't like the Pasta Fact.

Past Simple:

Didn't (all pronouns: I/she/we etc.) -> They didn't meet up last niet

Do/Does/Did + not + VERB/HELE WERKWOORD!

Present Continuous:

Am/is/are + not + verb +ing -> I'm not listening to CHOM FM.

Present Perfect/Past Perfect:

Has/Have + not + verb -> He hasn't been to the USA before. 

Had +not + verb -> He hadn't done his homework before het went to school

Permission (toestemming -> mogen)

Can/could vs May/might

can -> informal/to ask for and give permission.

Can I sit here? / You can use my car if you like. / Can I make a suggestion?

could -> to ask permission/ more polite and more formal than can

Could I ask you something? Could I interrupt? Could I borrow your pen for a moment, please?

may -> the most formal way to ask for and give permission.

May I see your passport, please? Customers may request a refund within a period of 30 days. These pages may be for classroom use.

might ->the most formal way but more doubt than with "may"

Might I be excused please? (Zou ik heel misschien weg mogen?)

Can/could - May/Might - be able to 

(kunnen/in staat zijn/mogelijk zijn)

• KUNNEN/IN STAAT ZIJN:

present: I can skate.

past: I could skate when I was young. / I/we was/were able to skate when..

all other tenses: able to (I have been able to/I had been able to/I will be able to etc.)

• MOGELIJK ZIJN:

It can be cold in Iceland during winter. (In IJsland kan het 's winters koud zijn.)

It could rain this afternoon. (Het zou kunnen regenen vanmiddag.)

• IETS WAS MOGELIJK, MAAR IS NIET GEBEURD (ACHTERAF GESPROKEN) -> could have + participle/volt. dw/3e vorm:

You could have warned me about that! Now it's too late!

Might

Naast toestemming vragen/heel formeel, ook gebruikt voor:

• Iets was mogelijk (Past), maar is niet gebeurd -> might have + participle (volt. dw/3e vorm):

You might have fallen. (Je had wel een kunnen vallen)

You might have told me! (Dat had je mij wel eens mogen vertellen)

• het zou wel eens zo kunnen zijn (meer twijfel dan bij "may")

He didn't answer my call, still there's light in his living room, so he might be home.

That might be true. (Dat zou misschien waar kunnen zijn)

(vs That may be true -> gelooft eerder dat iets waar is)

Obligation (verplichting/moeten) 

have to = external obligation / must = internal 

• Have (got) to -> an obligation from OUTSIDE the speaker (someone else made the rules); all tenses

We have(got)  to wear a uniform at the reception desk. / Miss, when do we have (go) to hand in our homework?

Al couldn't join us last night, unfortunately he had (got) to work.

As a tour operator, she has always had to deal with difficult customers.

He had had to cancel the flight due to the pandemic restrictions.

They will now have (got) to find a new flight for new year.

• Must /mustn't

-> an obligation from the speaker him-/herself

We use mustn't particularly when the prohibition comes from the speaker.

(Parent to child) You must apologize  to your sister.

(Teacher to student) You mustn't be late to class.

I mustn't let that happen again. 

Must / Must not / Mustn't

must/must not/mustn't

•  to talk about A) rules and B) what is not permitted. Common on public signs and notices to inform of rules and laws.

Seatbelts must be worn at all times. / Baggage must not be left unattended. /Guests must not make noise after 10 p.m.

•  the prohibition comes from the speaker.

(Parent to child) You mustn't say things like that to your sister. /(Teacher to student) You mustn't be late to class.

NOTE: 

• "must" expresses a strong obligation or necessity coming from the speaker. 

I must phone my dad. It's his birthday today

•  don't use "must" to express obligation in the past. ->  use "have to" instead (all tenses).

I had to pay £85 to renew my passport last week. / I simply had to tell her! 

• logical deduction (logische gevolgtrekking) (present: must; past: must have + participle)

It must be raining outside! Look at you, you're soaking wet! / He must have forgotten my birthday, because he is never late.)

No obligation (niet hoeven)

• Doesn't/don't/didn't/shouldn't (alles met NOT) + have to

Don't worry, you don't have to join in if you don't want to. (...je hoeft niet mee te doen)

How nice, a present! You shouldn't have! (Dat had je niet hoeven doen!)

You shouldn't have to worry about that. (Daarover zou je je geen zorgen moeten hoeven maken.)

• Needn't

You needn't tell her, let's not get her any more upset than necessary.

Should

Should = zou (eigenlijk) moeten (advies geven)

• Present simple: 

You should study to do well on the test.

• Past = Had je moeten doen maar is niet gebeurd: 

You should have told me!