Break it down.pptx

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Break it down

2.1 What do you eat?

In the food which you eat you can find nutrients.

Nutrients are substances in your food that provides your body with energy and materials.

There are 6 nutrients: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Minerals, Vitamins, Water.

Food and energy

The calorie is the unit for energy.

The amount of energy in food is measured in Joules. 1 Kilojoule= 1000 Joule

1 Kcal= 4.2 kJ

What would your body need energy for?

We need energy to let our heart beat, grow and repair tissues. How much is enough?

Depends on:

Age

Whether the person is growing.

How active they are

And more…

Why do you need food?

We need a balanced diet. We need the right amounts of the following nutrients (things our body need):

• Carbohydrates

• Proteins

• Fats

• Minerals

• Vitamins

• Water

Food,Drinks and nutrients

Food and drinks : Can you give examples?

Food,Drinks and nutrients

Inside food and drinks you will find nutrients.

What are they?

Nutrients: substances in food and drinks that are useful for your body. E.g. carbohydrates, fats.

Functions of nutrients

Carbohydrates: Mainly to provide energy. (Also building blocks and reserves.) 45-65% of daily calories (Lots in: bread, rice, pasta.) Composed of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

• Simple carbohydrates (sugars) release energy quickly. Too much sugars are stored as fat

• Complex carbohydrates (starch) release energy slowly.

• Fats: Mainly to provide energy. (Also building blocks and reserves.) Protects your organs and insulate your body. Composed of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen (Lots in: Mayonnaise, Nuts, Butter.)

3 types:

No more than 30% of calorie intake must come from fats

Saturated fats: Usually solid at room temperature. e.g. fat in meat, butter

Unsaturated fats: Usually liquid at room temperature. e.g. cooking oils

Functions of nutrients

Trans fats: are made by adding hydrogen to vegetable oils. Trans fats and saturated fats are most unhealthy, (can cause heart disease, cancer)

Cholesterol is a fatlike substance which is an essential component of cell membranes.

It’s also needed to make certain hormones and Vitamin D. Your liver makes it. To high fat and cholesterol can lead to blocked blood vessels which could cause heart disease.

Functions of nutrients

six types: carbohydrates, fats, proteins,

vitamins, minerals and water.

• Proteins: For growth, tissue repair. Also for energy

(Lots in: Fish, Nuts, Eggs, Dairy products.)

Composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

and nitrogen. 10-35% of daily calories

animal proteins (from animal sources)

plant proteins ( from plant sources) Beans and

nuts contain a lot of plant proteins.

• Vitamins: Protective, prevent you from becoming ill, helper molecule in your body chemical reactions. A few vitamins can be made by the body, like Vitamin D

(Lots in Fruit, Butter, Fish.)

Fat soluble (Vit. ADEK): dissolve in fat. Are stored in fat in your body

Water soluble ( Vit B and C): Are dissolved in water (cannot be stored in body!) You need a daily intake.

Minerals (salts): Mainly building blocks. (Calcium in bones and iron for red blood cells, magnesium for muscles and nerves) Also protective.

(Lots in: Tofu, Fish, Milk.)

Functions of nutrients

Functions of nutrients

• Water ( 65% of the body): Mainly building blocks. Functions include: transport.

Water helps to regulate body temperature and remove wastes (Lots in Fruit, Vegetables, Milk.)

Drink about two litres of water a day!

• Roughage (fibre) is a complex carbohydrate in plants; is not a nutrient. It makes defecation easier. (Lots in vegetables, fruits, grains)

Functions of nutrients

• The link will be shared with you. https://youtu.be/3iA9o7uW-HU

• Make a table in which you can put the 5 different nutrients from the video, their functions and the food they can be found in.

• Watch the video and fill in the table

Answers

Vitamins and minerals

assignment

Study on the pages 31 and 32 the following kinds of vitamins and minerals: Vit. A, B, C and D and minerals: calcium, fluoride, iron and potassium.

Are you able to answer the next questions?

Write down 2 questions, about the functions of vitamins and minerals ( with answers, but don’t show them) and ask your partner these questions.

Kahoot: vitamins and minerals

2.2 Making healthy choices

Can you think of professions that have to do with food?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3C92wBOKmDM

2.2 Making healthy choices

A nutritionist gives people advice about what to eat to have a balanced diet.

The chart ( voedingswijzer) beneath can help people to choose foods that contain all the nutrients they need.

https://www.voedingscentrum.nl/nl/gezond-eten-met-de-schijf-van-vijf/wat-staat-er-in-de-vakken-van-de-schijf-van-vijf.aspx

(uitleg schijf van vijf 3min.)

https://youtu.be/aD420DZSNCE ( Healthy blances diet 3min)

Energie

What will happen if you eat more energy than you use, every day?

You exercise the sports below for one hour and twice a week.

How many calories do you burn per week? Calculate for each sport and take the average amount of calories per sport.

Amount of energy used per sport per 30 min.

Answer:

Volleyball: 4x 30 min. per week so 4x average (=90+113 divided in two= 101,5) so 4x 101,5= 406 cal.

Golf: 4 x 152= 608 cal.(4x 30 min.)

Dancing: 4x 162= 648 cal.

Backpacking: 4x 236,5= 946 cal.

Basketball: 4x 270= 1080 cal.

Soccer: 4x 337,5= 1350 cal.

Hygiene and safety

• What can happen if you eat food

that is over the expiry date?

• What can you do to prevent bacteria on food from multiplying quickly?

Write down three food hygiene rules and formulate them as don’ts. For example: don’t undercook meals.

Answer

2.2 Making healthy choices

Write down in your notebook everything you ate and drank yesterday.

Use pic collage, canva or something similar. To put every food in the correct group. Check your answers

2.3 Break it down

How does our food go from gums to bums, and what happens on the way?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0gY-zXsUYgs

What difficult words did you see and what

can you tell me about them?

processing food

Your body processes food in 4 different stages.

1 ingestion: getting food inside your mouth

2 digestion: food must be broken down into very small particles that can enter the bloodstream. ( digestion is not needed for water, vitamins and minerals)

3 absorption: the process of getting small food particles into your bloodstream.

4 elimination: to pass unused parts of your food out of your body as waste.

Digestion and enzymes

• Mechanical digestion is the first step of digestion. Write down words from the following video which refer to mechanical digestion? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tc1ek8msnEQ

• Chemical digestion: small food parts get even smaller

In your mouth saliva ( digestive juice) is mixed with your food and contains enzymes (amylase). Saliva is produced by salivary glands.

• Enzymes: are special types of proteins that speeds up the chemical digestion

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBgRqiOjG1U ( 3 min.)

Enzymes

In your mouth Amylase helps to break down large chains of starch into glucose particles.

Enzymes

In your stomach another enzyme breaks down proteins in amino acids ( building blocks of proteins)

In your intestine the digestion of carbohydrates and proteins goes on. An enzyme helps to break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YO244P1e9QM

biomolecules 8 min

To summarize the final products of digestion are:

glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, water,

vitamins and minerals.

Enzymes

Intestine

Stomach, intestine

Mouth, Intestine

substrate enzyme product Organ

Enzymes….. make a note

2.4 Organizing digestion

There are several organs through which food travels

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Og5xAdC8EUI

digestive track 4 min.

• Through which organs

does the food

not travel?

Answer: Organs that are very important in digestion but food does not pass through them are: salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas.

Oesophagus: Is the muscular tube which moves food into your stomach. Portions of food are squeezed into your stomach.

Peristalsis is the muscular movement by which food is moved through the entire digestive tract

The stomach

• Is a muscular bag in which food spends from 2-4 hours

• It is in between the oesophagus and the intestines

• At the lower end the pylorus ( a special muscular ring) controls the flow of the food

• Mechanically: peristalsis Chemically: gastric juices

• Gastric acid in your stomach destroy bacteria which are on the food.

• In the stomach there is a lining which prevents damage

Acidity

Gastric acid has PH 1-2

The duodenum

• Use the internet to search for the word duodenum. What does it stand for?

• Which fluids enter the

duodenum?

Answer: duodenum stands for twelve; its length is the width of 12 vingers. Here enters: pancreatic juice and bile

Liver and Gallbladder.

Liver: makes a substance that breaks up fat particles, called bile

Bile is stored in the gallbladder and does not aid in the chemical digestion of fat.

The small intestine

Absorption: The process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of your digestive system into your blood

The small intestine is well designed for absorbing products of digesting e.g. amino acids because:

1- It is long 5-7 metres (big surface area).

2- It has a thin wall (so food molecules pass through easily.)

3- It has a good blood supply to transport the needed molecules away.

4- It has thousands of villi to increase the surface area even more.

https://youtu.be/32gNePkj1_4

Digestive track

Villi are fingerlike projections (1mm long) on the folds.

hepatic portal vein = poortader

Via this vein nutrient rich blood travels from the small intestine to the liver

Clean before use

The hepatic portal vein carries blood from the digestive system to the liver; it contains healthy nutrients but also dangerous materials like pesticides on vegetables and alcohol.

The liver filters the toxins out of the blood

so nutrients can be safely used by cells.

Toxins collected by the liver are excreted by the kidneys

The large intestine

Large intestine ( 1,5 meters): the large intestine eliminates materials that are not absorbed like water and undigested food.

Water is absorbed into the bloodstream and the remaining materials are eliminated from the body.

• contains bacteria which are helpful because they make vitamins, like vitamin K.

Large intestine/ anus

The large intestine ends in the rectum which is a small tube where waste material ( faeces) is pressed into solid form.

Anus: a muscular opening at the end of the rectum. Through this opening (anus) waste material is eliminated from the body.

Bacteria in your large intestine

Bacteria are everywhere. Some make you sick and others like in your large intestines live in symbiosis with you

Symbiosis means that you benefit from each other.

Bacteria feed on undigested materials as cellulose fibres and make vitamin K and B.

What is the downside to the fact that bacteria break down undigested material? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=btV4K9JMVEQ

( 1.54 min)

Learning aims

• To be able to write down the function of the small intestine, the large intestine and the function of the pancreas

• To be able to explain the working of bile on fats.

• To be able to explain what excretion is and how it is done.

Learning aims

• You are able to write down what excretion is.

• You are able to write down all the names of the organs involved in digestion and their functions

• With the help of revision ( making a poster, doing a quiz etc.) you are able to write down 3 goals you have to reach before doing the 2 test.

( use the app Nearpod)

2.5 Taking out the rubbish

Your body has to get rid of waste every day otherwise toxic substances build up and damage organs.

Excretion is the process by which excretion organs remove waste from your body. Kidneys ( urinary system) are most important.

Revision / Mindmappen

• Revision digestion ( 6.18 min.) https://youtu.be/32gNePkj1_4

• BBC Bitesize digestion track

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/zf339j6/articles/z7gpfcw

Do the test/ quiz: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zyjx6sg/test

• Mindmappen https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=soj4RKksLmg