2.7: From Republic to Empire -TEACH-

Start Task (1 answer per group)
Ron and Hermione are working on a school paper.
Ron's subject is "Roman gladiators" while Hermione is doing a paper about
19th century painting style.
Both want to use this painting of gladiators made by a French artist in 1872.
But they don't agree on whether the painting is a primary or a secondary source.
What do you think?
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Slide 1: Open vraag
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In deze les zitten 43 slides, met interactieve quizzen, tekstslides en 11 videos.

time-iconLesduur is: 45 min

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Start Task (1 answer per group)
Ron and Hermione are working on a school paper.
Ron's subject is "Roman gladiators" while Hermione is doing a paper about
19th century painting style.
Both want to use this painting of gladiators made by a French artist in 1872.
But they don't agree on whether the painting is a primary or a secondary source.
What do you think?

Slide 1 - Open vraag

The Time of Greeks and Romans
2.7: From Republic to Empire

Slide 2 - Tekstslide

people in this lesson
Julius Caesar

consul / dictator
Rome
Cleopatra

queen
Egypt
Octavian Caesar
a.k.a "Augustus"
1st emperor
Rome
Vercingetorix

chieftain
Gaul
Mark Anthony

Caesar's friend
Rome

Slide 3 - Tekstslide

Octavian Caesar, nephew of 
Julius Caesar
Octavian would become Rome's first EMPEROR
under the name 
AUGUSTUS

Slide 4 - Tekstslide

remember: it's Caesar, not Ceasar
Octavian's uncle:
JULIUS CAESAR
(100 - 44 BC)

  • never an emperor
  • never a monarch

  • During his life (and death) Rome was a REPUBLIC

Slide 5 - Tekstslide

2.7: from Republic to Empire.

  • What about? How the republic ended and Rome became a monarchy again.
  • When? 1st century BC
  • Who? Julius Caesar

Timeline:

  • 100 BC: Caesar born in a patrician Roman family.
  • 59 BC: elected consul (for 1 year)
  • 58 BC: military commander of northern Italy (Roman part of Gaul)
  • 58 - 51 BC: Gallic Wars: conquest of Gaul (France) 

Slide 6 - Tekstslide

Caesar as CONSUL: the highest office in the Republic

Slide 7 - Tekstslide

Caesar as a military commander.
Seeking glory, power and wealth

Slide 8 - Tekstslide

GAUL 
(= Gallië, = France)

Caesar set out to conquer Gaul.

The Gauls lived in tribes

They united under 
the leadership of Vercingetorix

Slide 9 - Tekstslide

Caesar in Gaul

When Caesar arrived in (the Roman part of) Gaul, he was given control of four legions, about 20,000 professional soldiers. 
Caesar decided to expand the Roman empire and started the Gallic Wars that would last from 58 BC until 51 BC. Gaul was populated by dozens of tribes, the largest of which numbered about 200,000 people. Within four years he managed to capture almost all of Gaul and moved the border from the Roman Empire to the Rhine. So he even conquered part of the Netherlands!


Slide 10 - Tekstslide

Slide 11 - Tekstslide

Slide 12 - Tekstslide

Slide 13 - Tekstslide

Some people in Rome were afraid of Caesar's power.
In 49 BC Caesar and his army set out for Rome, where he intended to be elected consul again.
The senate ordered Caesar to come without his army. Caesar refused. He crossed the Rubicon river (the border between Gaul and Italy) and entered Italy with his army.
The senate declared that Caesar was now an enemy of Rome. This marked the start of a civil war.
With his army Caesar defeated all his enemies (mostly senators) and chased them across the empire, even in Egypt. Here he fell in love with Cleopatra, sister of the pharaoh.
Back in Rome he was now the only ruler. He allowed the Senate to remain, but he did not want to share his power with the senators.
 
Caesar, Vercingetorix and the battle of Alesia have been pictured in several Asterix albums.

Slide 14 - Tekstslide

2.7: from Republic to Empire.

What about? How the republic ended and Rome became a monarchy again.
When? 1st century BC
Who? Julius Caesar

Timeline:

100 BC: Caesar born in a patrician Roman family.
59 BC: elected consul (for 1 year)
58 BC: military commander of northern Italy (Roman part of Gaul)
58 - 51 BC: Gallic Wars: conquest of Gaul (France) 
  • 51 BC: Vercingetorix surrenders to Caesar
  • 50 BC: the senate orders Caesar to return to Rome without his army.

Slide 15 - Tekstslide

NEXT TIME:

Slide 16 - Tekstslide

Slide 17 - Video

2.7: from Republic to Empire.
Timeline:

The Civil Wars (49 - 45 BC)

  • 49 BC: Caesar crosses the Rubicon. Start of the Civil War between Caesar and consul Pompey.

Slide 18 - Tekstslide

Slide 19 - Tekstslide

Slide 20 - Video

Slide 21 - Video

NEXT TIME:

Slide 22 - Tekstslide

Slide 23 - Video

Slide 24 - Video

2.7: from Republic to Empire.
Timeline:

The Civil Wars

49 BC: Caesar crosses the Rubicon. Start of the Civil War between Caesar and Pompey.
  • 48 BC: Caesar defeats Pompey. Pompey flees to Egypt (and is killed by pharaoh Ptolemy XIII)
  • 48 BC: Caesar arrives in Egypt. Puts Cleopatra (sister of Ptolemy XIII) on the throne.

Slide 25 - Tekstslide

Slide 26 - Video

Slide 27 - Video

Slide 28 - Tekstslide

Slide 29 - Tekstslide

2.7: from Republic to Empire.
Timeline:


  • 47 BC: birth of Cleopatra's son: Caesarion. (Caesar is said to be the father)
  • 46 BC: Caesar returns to Rome as victor of the civil war. 
  • 44 BC: he declares himself "dictator for life".
  • 44 BC: Caesar is murdered (by a group of senators)

Slide 30 - Tekstslide

Some people in Rome were afraid of Caesar's power.
In 49 BC Caesar and his army set out for Rome, where he intended to be elected consul again.
The senate ordered Caesar to come without his army. Caesar refused. He crossed the Rubicon river (the border between Gaul and Italy) and entered Italy with his army.
The senate declared that Caesar was now an enemy of Rome. This marked the start of a civil war.
With his army Caesar defeated all his enemies (mostly senators) and chased them across the empire, even in Egypt. Here he fell in love with Cleopatra, sister of the pharaoh.
Back in Rome he was now the only ruler. He allowed the Senate to remain, but he did not want to share his power with the senators.
 
The senators encircle Julius Caesar in a painting by 19th-century artist Carl Theodor von Piloty.

Slide 31 - Tekstslide

Slide 32 - Video

After Caesar's death: more Civil Wars 


After Caesar's death, Rome still remained a republic. Caesar had no son that could succeed him. But he did have a nephew: Octavian Caesar, who was 19 years old when his uncle was murdered. Octavian found out that he had been adopted by Caesar as his heir. Octavian began to gather political support in the Roman Senate as well as military support in the form of Caesar's legions. He soon was a formidable power in the city and was elected to the position of consul.
His rival was Mark Anthony, a friend of Julius Caesar. Anthony wanted to become a dictator. He clashed with Octavian and a new Civil War broke out. 
Mark Antony allied himself with Queen Cleopatra of Egypt. At the sea battle of Actium, Octavian's troops defeated Antony and Cleopatra's armies. Upon their defeat, Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide.

the sea battle of Actium, in which octivian's fleet defeated the fleet of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra
After learning about the defeat (and probable death) of her lover Mark Anthony at the Battle of Actium, Cleopatra committed suicide by letter herself be bitten by a poisonous snake.
Painting: The Suicide of Cleopatra, by Domenico Riccio (1516-1567).

Slide 33 - Tekstslide

15 Why was the war between Octavian and Mark Anthony a
"civil war"?

Slide 34 - Open vraag

Some people in Rome were afraid of Caesar's power.
In 49 BC Caesar and his army set out for Rome, where he intended to be elected consul again.
The senate ordered Caesar to come without his army. Caesar refused. He crossed the Rubicon river (the border between Gaul and Italy) and entered Italy with his army.
The senate declared that Caesar was now an enemy of Rome. This marked the start of a civil war.
With his army Caesar defeated all his enemies (mostly senators) and chased them across the empire, even in Egypt. Here he fell in love with Cleopatra, sister of the pharaoh.
Back in Rome he was now the only ruler. He allowed the Senate to remain, but he did not want to share his power with the senators.
 
The end of the Republic, the birth of the Empire.

With Marc Antony dead Octavian was the most powerful man in Rome. In 27 BC the Senate gave him the title of Augustus (which means: the sublime) and he would be known by this name for the rest of his life. He became the ruler and emperor of Rome. The basic government of the republic, such as the senate and other officials, was still in place, but the emperor had the ultimate power.

When Augustus became emperor, Rome had experienced many years of civil war. He brought peace to the land and began to rebuild much of the city and the empire. He built many roads, buildings, bridges, and government buildings. He also strengthened the army and conquered much of the land around the Mediterranean Sea. Under Augustus' rule, Rome once again experienced peace and prosperity.

The next 200 years were years of peace for the Roman Empire. This period is often called the Pax Romana, which means "peace of Rome". Augustus is often given credit for establishing such a long period of peace.




Slide 35 - Tekstslide

16. Explain why so many people still think that Julius Caesar was a Roman emperor.

Slide 36 - Open vraag

Monarchy
Republic
hereditary
dictator
dynasty
2 consuls
king / emperor
senate
elections

Slide 37 - Sleepvraag

Some people in Rome were afraid of Caesar's power.
In 49 BC Caesar and his army set out for Rome, where he intended to be elected consul again.
The senate ordered Caesar to come without his army. Caesar refused. He crossed the Rubicon river (the border between Gaul and Italy) and entered Italy with his army.
The senate declared that Caesar was now an enemy of Rome. This marked the start of a civil war.
With his army Caesar defeated all his enemies (mostly senators) and chased them across the empire, even in Egypt. Here he fell in love with Cleopatra, sister of the pharaoh.
Back in Rome he was now the only ruler. He allowed the Senate to remain, but he did not want to share his power with the senators.
 
The name Caesar became the word for "emperor".

When Augustus became Rome's first emperor, the word "emperor", or "keizer", did not exist. Augustus did not call himself king or emperor, but used the title Princeps Civitatis, which meant "First Citizen".

But to honour his uncle Julius he put Caesar's name before his own title. So everone called him Caesar Augustus.
Augustus ruled up until his death in 14 AD. His step-son, Tiberius, became the second emperor of Rome.
Tiberius also took on Caesar's name to honor him, so everybody called him: Caesar Tiberius. 
The next emperors did the same: Caesar Claudius, Caesar Nero, Caesar Trajan, etc.
Eventually, the name Caesar became a title, meaning emperor. And we still see that in our word 'keizer" today.
The Roman historian Suetonius, who lived in the 2nd century AD, wrote a book about 12 successive Roman rulers; Julius Caesar, Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, Titus and Domitian. 

Slide 38 - Tekstslide

Interesting facts about Julius Caesar and Augustus

  • Caesar was once kidnapped by pirates while still a young man. He joked with them that he would have them executed once he was free. They laughed, but Caesar had the last laugh when he later captured them and had them crucified.
  • The month of July is named after Julius Caesar. Prior to this the month was called Quintilis, which means "the fifth month".
  • The month of August is named after Augustus. Prior to this the month was called Sextilis, which means "the sixth month".
  • Augustus rebuilt much of the city of Rome. He said on his deathbed that "I found a Rome of bricks; I leave to you one of marble".



Painting depicting the pirates, after being crucified. 

Slide 39 - Tekstslide

congratulations

Slide 40 - Tekstslide

Slide 41 - Video

Slide 42 - Video

Slide 43 - Video